Snmp - Report free essay sample

The objectives of this report are to provide the reader with a clearer understanding of network management, the concepts inherent in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), comparisons of SNMP with other network management protocols, how SNMPs are used in network management, and, finally, to provide the results of experiments carried out using several different modem configurations. SNMP is an internet-standard system of digital message format, or protocol, for managing devices on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modems are examples of such devices that support SNMP. It was introduced in 1988 to meet the growing need for managing Internet Protocol (IP) devices [2] and is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. SNMP includes an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects [1]. Network management is a general concept that employs the use of various tools and techniques, and systems to aid human beings in managing various devices, system, or networks. We will write a custom essay sample on Snmp Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One such model of network management is called FCAPS, or Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management. Under the SNMP system and the FCAPS model, one or more administrative computers, called managers, are tasked to monitor and/or manage one or more pieces of software, called agents, which run on the network device. Specifically, the manager is a server which is running some kind of software system that can handle management tasks for a network. SNMP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the transport protocol for passing data between managers and agents. The upside to the unreliable nature of UDP is that it requires low overhead, so the impact on the network’s performance is reduced. Management information is the operational parameters of SNMP-capable devices. The definition of managed objects can be broken down into three attributes: Name, Type and syntax, and Encoding. Managed objects are organized into a treelike hierarchy, this is the basis for SNMP’s naming scheme. Care must be taken when identifying managed objects or Object Identifiers (OIDs), across different versions of SNMP as there are enhancements to the naming scheme. Table of Contents Summary faults, collecting long term performance data, remote configuration of devices, and the remote control of a device. Another aspect of SNMP is network monitoring, or the monitoring of an entire network as opposed to individual routers, hosts, and other devices. This is called Remote Network Monitoring (RMON) and it can be used to monitor not only LAN traffic, but WAN interfaces as well. In the SNMP system, there are two kinds of entities: managers and agents. A manager is a server running some kind of software system that can handle management tasks for a network. Managers are often referred to as Network Management Stations (NMSs). An NMS is responsible for polling and receiving traps from agents in the network. A poll, in the context of network management, is the act of querying an agent (router, switch, Unix server, etc. ) for some piece of information. A trap, on the other hand, is a way for the agent to tell the NMS that something has happened. The agent is a piece of software that runs on the network devices that are being managed. It can be a separate program or it can be incorporated into the operating system. Today, most IP devices come with some kind of SNMP agent built in. The agent also provides management information to the NMS by keeping track of various operational aspects of the device. When the agent notices that something bad has happened, it can send a trap to the NMS, where it is handled appropriately. Figure 1: Relationship between an NMS and an Agent Network Management SNMP is really about network management. Network management is a general concept that employs the use of various tools, techniques, and systems to aid human beings in managing various devices, systems, or networks. One such model for network management is called FCAPS, or Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management. Fault management is used to detect, log, and notify users of systems or networks of problems as downtime of any kind is usually not acceptable. Fault management dictates that fault resolution first isolates the problem by using tools to determine symptoms, tries to resolve the problem, and then finally record the process that was used to detect and resolve the problem. Configuration management is used to monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed. This information generally is stored in a database of some kind. As configuration parameters change for systems, this database is updated. This data store can also aid in problem resolution. Accounting Management is used to ensure that computing and network resources are sued fairly by all groups or individuals who access them. Through this form of regulation, network problems can be minimized since resources are divided based on capacities. Performance management is used to measure and report on various aspects of network or system performance. Performance management usually starts when performance data is first gathered. Baseline levels are then established based on analysis of the data gathered. Finally, performance thresholds are established. A problem usually happens when these thresholds are exceeded. The last aspect of FCAPS is Security Management which is used to control access to some resources, such as a network and its hosts, and to help detect and prevent attacks that can compromise networks and hosts. Security management does not only involve network security systems but also physical security. This is usually accomplished through the use of various tools and systems such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs), antivirus systems and policy management. Applying the Concepts of Network Management The endeavor of network management involves solving a business problem through an implementation of some sort. The basic idea is to reduce costs and increase effectiveness. There are four different possible levels of activity when it comes to managing a specific service or device. Inactive, where no monitoring is being done, reactive, where a problem is dealt with only after it occurs, interactive, where components are monitored and interacted with to troubleshoot them, and finally, proactive, where the system provides a root-cause alarm then initiates predefined automatic restoral processes all while being monitored. However, the ability to monitor a service or system interactively or proactively begins with trend analysis and reporting. Accounting Accounting Security Security Performance Performance Fault Fault Configuration Configuration Network Management Network Management Change Management Change Management Proactive Proactive Inactive Inactive Reactive Reactive Interactive Interactive Trend Analysis Trend Analysis Response Time Reporting Response Time Reporting Alarm Correlation Alarm Correlation Figure 2: Concept of Network Management Trend Analysis and Reporting In general, the goal of trend analysis is to identify when systems, services, or networks are beginning to reach their maximum capacity, with enough lead time to do something about it before it becomes a real problem for end users. Trend analysis is aided by Response Time Reporting which measures how various aspects of the network (including systems) are performing with respect to responsiveness. To narrow down the many alerts and events into a single alert or several events that depict the real problem, Alarm Correlation is used. Alarm Correlation is also used to help operators know that an agent is indeed up and operational after being in a bad state. Trending also helps determine which device is constantly unreliable for investigation. The key to trouble resolution for the operator is knowing which information provided is valuable and can help resolve the problem. If possible, alerts and alarms should provide the operator with enough detail so that he or she can effectively troubleshoot and resolve a problem. However, in the event that the network is altered, planned or not, change management is used to prevent unreliable networks and systems, and ensure the correct level of notification with minimal user impact. The key steps for change management are: 1. Assigning a change controller. 2. Holding periodic change review meetings. Documenting change input requirements. 4. Documenting change output requirements. 5. Defining a change approval process. 6. Holding post-mortem meetings. 7. Developing an emergency change procedure. Subsequently, change planning is a process that identifies the risk level of a change and builds change planning requirements to ensure that the change is successful. The eight key steps for change planning are: 1. Assigning all potential changes a risk level prior to scheduling the change. 2. Documenting at least three risk levels with corresponding change planning requirements. Identifying risk levels for software and hardware upgrades, topology changes, routing changes, configuration changes, and new deployments. 4. Assigning higher risk levels to nonstandard add, move, or change types of activity. 5. Including lab validation, vendor review, peer review, and detailed configuration and design documentation. 6. Creating solution templates for deployments affecting multiple sites. 7. Including information about physical layout, logical design, configuration, software versions, acceptable hardware chassis and modules, and deployment guidelines. 8. Documenting network standards for configuration, software version, supported hardware, and DNS. Finally, caution must be taken when implementing a network management system as this can mean adding more staff to handle the increased load of maintaining and operating such an environment. On the other hand, this monitoring should reduce the workload of the system administration staff. The Structure of Management Information The Structure of Management Information (SMI) provides a way to define managed objects and their behavior. An agent has in its possession a list of the objects that it tracks.

The Declaration of independence essays

The Declaration of independence essays The Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson, is the document in which American colonists fought for their freedom from British rule. The Second Continental Congress, with representatives of the 13 British colonies in America, adopted the declaration on July 4, 1776. The document is divided into three parts, a introduction which is a statement of principal concerning rights of man of the revolution against Britain, a list of specific complaints not to parliament but to King George III, and a formal claim of independence from England. The Declaration of Independence reflected the enlightened ideas of European philosopher John Locke and Sir Thomas Paine. John Locke was a philosopher who was the originator of the concept of government and the believed that all people are equal with certain rights that the government cannot violate on. The other man that had a lot of influence in the idea of independence was Sir Thomas Paine. This 50 page pamphlet asserted that colonies received no advantage from England which was exploiting them. It also called for consideration of colonies to become independent and establish their own republican government. The Birthday of a new world is at hand said Thomas Paine; he also compared the monarchy to an institution. The one person who was singled out in the Declaration of Independence was King George III. There were reasons to why the King is being asked or basically told why this call for separation and independence. The king refused to make laws for the colonies well being. He forbid for governors to pass important laws immediately that would benefit colonies. That he set up the dictating government across the Atlantic Ocean, by doing this exhausted colonies governmental suggestions into agreement since it took so long for an answer. The big one was that the he allowed Parliament to tax without any formal representation from colony delegates. To top it off he cut o...

Should Gays be allowed to serve in the military Research Paper

Should Gays be allowed to serve in the military - Research Paper Example The â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue policy is one the policies in the USA that cannot be overlooked in such a debate. The question therefore, is whether it is a good policy or not. It is important to look at several views whether this policy harms or boosts military readiness. The other factor is the impact of this policy on the morale of military, whether it harms or boosts troop morale and unit cohesion or not (Berlatsky, 2011). In addition, I think it is significant to look at service compatibility aspect; this tries to deduce if in any case being a gay is compatible with military service. The other factor is whether ‘the don’t ask don’t tell policy’ has improved military retention and recruitment or whether it has harmed these efforts. Furthermore, its consistency to citizen rights is a matter not worth ignoring when handling this topic. Considering whether homosexuality is moral or not and whether this should play a role in driving States policy should also take preeminence. Ultimately careful evaluation of these considerations can result to the bearing taken in analyzing whether gays should serve in the military or not. The don’t ask, don’t tell policy was adopted during President Bill Clintons’ regime in the Year 1993. It prohibits openly accepting if one is a gay and it prohibits one being asked his sexual status when being recruited in the military. In my opinion, it is not resonant for open declaration that one is a gay since such declaration automatically discharges one from his duty in the military service. The main reason cited for this move was that, homosexuality destabilizes good order and it is against the good morals of the larger American society. Again many opinions have continued to emerge in regard to this policy. Some people have argued that this policy is selective and undermines basic freedom stipulated in the Bill of rights. Their argument being that this policy locks out patriots who would like to put

Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay

Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example A series of rounds are scheduled in which managers or other group experts answer a preliminary questionnaire. In later rounds of discussion and analysis, a group facilitator is selected to summarize the questionnaire data, allowing peers to make adjustments to their forecasts based on the information provided (Rowe and Wright, 1999). Through various rounds, answers become more correlated and streamlined as responses become congruent, ultimately leading to an established criterion and the mean totals of responses become the norm for quality initiatives or problem solutions. The advantage of this method is that having multiple members with various experiences working together provides for a broader scope of ideas and forecasts than through individual analysis. A disadvantage of this method is that members of the group can be misinformed which creates uncertainty and brings questions to reliability of responses. The time series approach is also used, which relies on historical forecasting data to make current determinations. The disadvantage in this case is that current market conditions may be radically different than previous quarters or years. The advantage of this approach is that it is founded on actual data that provides for rational predictions. A final method is market research. This could involve questionnaires or interviews with customers to determine attitudes in a key market segment. The disadvantage of this method is bias introduction from consumers. An advantage is that it provides real sentiment about the brand or product features that can assist in predicting competitive advantage or output demand. A Bad Design Beware of Scalding Splash-Back! Slow-brewed tea and coffee lovers beware! This product is hard to get a handle on. Twist and shout, it’s as easy as a flick of the wrist. When attempting to pour oneself a delicious cup of their favorite hot beverage, the angle of descent is highly illogical. It is reasonably rational to assume that one would pour a liquid away from themselves to avoid burns, though such self-protectionism might be a tall order with this particular decanter. This product would require some form of research and development and also a molding system to ensure quality and also to establish the most effective production process. Was the company recruiting the Mad Hatter, Alice and the White Rabbit when determining the most practical design for effective consumer utilization of this revolutionary and innovative decanter? Um, clean cup, clean cup! Move down. This product truly misses the mark in satisfying quality control and effective market consideration. This would be a more effective product if the potential liabilities to consumer safety had been considered; a risk management model that is concerned with potential litigation for neglect in design. It is illogical for a company that produces a product like this to believe that this design would fulfill customer needs and provide the necessary benefit to guarantee sales. Most people in society that drink tea and coffee rely on automatic machines and not decanters, thus this market is already limited and a niche market to begin with. Such a bad design builds a poor reputation on the market and, when the business discovers this is the reason for its diminished sales volumes, will likely add considerable costs to the production process to adjust assembly and molding for the pot. Controlling Public School Output Quality The first step in controlling quality would be to conduct a large scale qualitative research study using a very large randomized sample of graduates from various public schools. Questionnaires and interviews should be developed asking questions about perceptions of instructor quality,

Health Care Issues in Ireland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care Issues in Ireland - Research Paper Example Firstly, there is a large gap between the quality of services for the private health owners and the public health coverage. Secondly, due to the two tiered health care system there are a lot of issues with the medical practitioners as they discriminate between those who pay for health care and those who don`t. Thirdly, Ireland also has a lot of cultural issues with health care which needs to be addressed with some serious consideration. Ireland ranks 22nd on the health care ranking for the developed world, where only US lies behind this state in this context1. This reflects the widespread difference between the quality of coverage provided by the public health care and the private health care. This is indicative of the basic flaw in the system, where there are separate health packages for those who belong to the lower income group and those who fall high in the average income spectrum. In other words, Ireland follows the system where a medical card is issued to those who belong to a lower income group which makes them eligible for a free health care service (Noan & Nolan 2004). However, those who don`t need welfare fund to run their homes, and can afford to pay for health care are required to pay a fees to be eligible for the health care process. This system creates various issues for the entire health care structure operational in Ireland. Firstly, those who avail the free services via their medical cards have to go through extended waiting lines to get themselves checked. In the peak season, for instance when the winter flu breaks, there are cases when people have to wait for three consecutive days for their turn. The quality of service in the public hospitals is so pathetic that the emergency wards, even the lobbies of crowded with patient beds (Noan & Nolan 2004). Though prescriptions are also free for medical card owners, but the quality is quite low. At the same time, those who opt for the private health care are better off as they get treated on the spot and quality services are availed by these patients who have purchased a health care or pay the required fees for the medical checkups2. Secondly, other issues also related with the two tiered system prevalent in Ireland for instance the issue with the medical practitioners discriminating against the patients who avail the medical card for free services. Basically, the flaw lies in the way health care functions in Ireland. Those who are covered under a health care plan are treated in the same public hospitals where other citizens, even those with the medical cards are treated. The system would have worked fine if the doctors were to be paid the same amount of salary by the government regardless of the types of patients they`re dealing with. In fact, it`s the other way round i.e. the medical practitioners are being paid their due amount of salary by the government to treat the patients with the medical cards (Noan & Nolan 2004). However, when it comes to the treatment of those who ar en’t relying on the medical card, for their treatment the practitioners are paid on a fee per service basis. This above system mentioned above where practitioners are paid a higher amount for dealing with the private health care patients is the root cause of the health care issues prevailing in Ireland. The practitioners take it more like a business as they have a higher self interest in treating the

The Sensory Stimulation Theory Education Essay

The Sensory Stimulation Theory Education Essay Chapter 2 Literature Review Learning: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior with behavior including both observable activity and internal process such as thinking, attitudes and emotion(Burns, 1995) According to Bruner, learning is a social process, whereby students construct new concepts based on current knowledge(Thanasoulas). There are different theories about learning that is how people learn. It is very useful to consider their application and how student learn and how teachers teach in educational programmes(Dunn, 2002). It is also very important to know that every does not learn by the same way. This understanding helps teachers to devise effective strategies for teaching(Sirhan, 2007). Burns definition shows that learning might not manifest itself in observable behavior until some time after the educational programme has taken place. Sensory Stimulation Theory: According to sensory stimulation theory effective learning occurs when the senses are stimulated. According to Laird, research has proved that the majority of knowledge held by adults (75%) is learned through seeing. Hearing is the next most effective (about 13%) and the other senses touch, smell and taste account for 12% of what we know (Laird, 1985). Reinforcement Theory: Reinforcement theory was presented by B.F. Skinner. Skinner viewed that behavior is a function of consequences. The learner will repeat the desired behavior if positive reinforcement (pleasant consequent consequence) follows the behavior. (Laird 1985, Burns 1995). Competency based Training is based on this theory and although it is useful in learning repetitive tasks like multiplication tables and those work skills that require a great deal of practice, higher order of learning is not involved (Burns, 1995). Cognitive-Gestalt approaches This approach emphasizes on the importance of experience, meaning, problem-solving and the development of insights (Burns, 1995, p. 112) Burns notes that this theory has developed the concept that individuals have different needs and concerns at different times, and that they have subjective interpretations in different contexts. Holistic learning theory The basic premise of this theory rests on that for learning to be effective require activation of individual personality which consists of many elements specifically the intellect, emotions, the body impulse (or desire), intuition and imagination (Laird, 1985, p. 121). Facilitation theory (the humanist approach) Laird (1985) discussed this theory and ascertained that learning will occur by the educator acting as a facilitator, that is by establishing an atmosphere in which learners feel comfortable to consider new ideas and are not threatened by external factors. He further characterized this theory by arguing that i) human beings have a natural eagerness to learn ii) there is some resistance to, and unpleasant consequences of, giving up what is currently held to be true and that the most significant learning involves changing ones concept of oneself. Experiential learning Kolb (in McGill Beaty, 1995) proposed an experiential learning model which is a four-stage learning process. In fact, the process can begin at any of the stages and is continuous in that there is no limit to the number of cycles you can make in a learning situation. This theory posits that without reflection one would simply continue to repeat our mistakes. Kolbs research found that people learn in four ways with the likelihood of developing one mode of learning more than another. As shown in the experiential learning cycle model above, learning is i) through concrete experience ii)through observation and reflection iii)through abstract conceptualization iv)through active experimentation. It is worth discussing Kolbs work further Constructivism Constructivism is a theory founded on observation and scientific study about how people learn. It is a method of teaching that encourages the thought process of the student and assumes that prior knowledge, attitude, motivation, and learning style affect the learning process (Spencer, 1999).It is the idea that the learners construct their own knowledge. Constructing of knowledge is a personal process where the student is involved in their own learning by seeking to find meaning to their present and past experiences (Boghassiam, 2006). Constructivism may become an alternative methodology to the traditional teaching method known. The traditional method for teaching science has its roots in what is called behaviorism, which is the belief that an idea can be transferred intact from the mind of the instructor to the mind of the student, or that telling is teaching (Spencer, 1999). Behaviorism views the student as an unreflective responder (Boghassiam, 2006).When implementing the behaviorism method; students are expected to respond to questions in class or on a test. If their answers are correct, they receive a good grade as a way to encourage their good behavior. If the student does not get the answer correct, they will receive a poor grade with the hope to send the message to the student that their behavior is bad and that they need to change it until they get the answer correct. There is no subjective element to learning-either in determining what to study or in how information is interpreted, used, or understood (Boghassiam, 2006). Behaviorism dominated the educational landscape 25 years ago, while the foremo st learning theory today is constructivism (Boghassiam, 2006). Table 1 lists some comparative features of behaviorism and constructivism. Table 1. Comparison of Behaviorism and Constructivism Constructivism Behaviorism Knowledge is constructed. Group work promotes the negotiation of and develops a mutually shared meaning of knowledge. Individual learner is important. The ability to answer with only one answer does not demonstrate student understanding. Truths are independent of the context in which they are observed. Learner observes the order inherent in the world. Aim is to transmit knowledge experts have acquired. Exam questions have one correct answer. (Spencer, 1999). New Directions in Teaching Chemistry: A philosophical and Pedagogical Basis. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(4), 566. Professor Jean Piaget lifes work was based on the study of the nature of knowledge and the childs psychology. Jean Piagets theory on the mental development of children included the concept of cognitive structures, which the child himself constructs in interaction with the environment in a continuous way from birth to adolescence (Schwebel Raph, 1973). Advocates of constructivism agree with Piaget claiming that constructivism is the individuals processing of stimuli from the environment and the resulting cognitive structures that produces adaptive behavior (Kathleen Bahr, 2008)(Brandon, 2010). These structures take the form of schemata, explanations, and experiences that a student uses to understand the world they experience around them (Todd, 2004, p. 12). The philosophy of constructivist education operates by four major assumptions. The first assumption is that previous constructs are the foundation of the learning process in each student. In other words, new information is transformed and interpreted based upon what a student previously learned. Second, assimilation and accommodation processes lead to new constructions. New information may not be able to assimilate with previous knowledge, so the student accommodates the new information resulting in new zones of cognitive development or higher learning. Third, learning is not mechanical, but a process of invention. This is the idea that students hypothesize, predict, manipulate, and construct knowledge, rather than simply memorize facts. Finally, constructivists assume that meaningful knowledge occurs through reflection and the linking of new information to the existing framework of knowledge.(Brandon, 2010) Piaget discusses constructivism by explaining it as intelligence, what it means, where it comes from, and how it is developed. From Jean Piagets point of view, intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations. In order to adapt to a new situation, a person must comprehend the situation and come up with a solution through their understanding. In order to understand a new situation, one must assimilate it to knowledge that has already been built and brought to the situation. Piaget calls this knowledge that is brought to the new situation as structures. Knowledge is in some way organized or structured for all ages. Structures become more elaborate as a person grows older (Schwebel Raph, 1973, pp. 217-218). An example of this would be adult humor. A 4 year old and their parent can go to the movies and there will be concepts in the movie that the adult will comprehend, that the child will not. Another example of richer structures of knowledge amongst older people can be tested by asking what the first thing that comes to mind when a 4, 10, and 20 year old hear the word mommy. A 4 year old may say she loves me or I love her. A 10 year old may say she stays home and takes care of the house. A 20 year old may respond with motherhood. Piaget would explain that because knowledge is an organized structure, no meaningful concept can exist in isolation (Schwebel Raph, 1973). To the contrary, a behaviorist would expect for each person to have the same answer when thinking of the word mommy. The development of intelligence is a continuous process of constructions from birth to adolescence in a sequence that is the same for all children in all cultures (Schwebel Raph, 1973, p. 222). A behaviorist would state that knowledge is absorbed from the outside, while Piaget would see knowledge as a building of structures from inside. Piaget supports his difference to a behaviorist by explaining that children would not have similar sequences in development if information was simply absorbed. The only major difference in development amongst children has been the rate of development and not the sequence (Schwebel Raph, 1973, p. 222). The four factors of development are: biological factors, experiences with physical objects, social factors of inter-individual coordination and cultural and educational transmission, and factors of equilibration (Schwebel Raph, 1973, p. 223). It is the role of the teacher to teach in such a way that all the factors are at work (Schwebel Raph, 1973, p . 224). Constructivists have shown that the model that is the closest to how students learn is called the learning cycle. A learning cycle is illustrated in Figure. Inductive Deductive E I A Exploration Concept Invention Application à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢What did you do? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢What did you find? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Organizes Information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Data Aquisition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Is there any pattern to the data? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Predict, form a hypothesis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢What does it mean? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Test hypothesis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Higher level of thinking Figure . The Learning Cycle (Spencer, 1999).New Directions in Teaching Chemistry: A philosophical and Pedagogical Basis. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(4), 566. The constructivist-learning-cycle approach is also called inquiry-based and has been shown to facilitate retention of information and the transfer of thinking skills and content (Spencer, 1999). It is through the constructivist-learning-cycle that students proceed from the concrete to the abstract.(Spencer, 1999). The constructive theory encourages learners to be active creators of their knowledge. The role of the student is to pick out and transform information, build ideas, and make decisions, while relying on cognitive structures. Rather than using the teachers knowledge and textbooks for solving problems, the students comes up with solutions and develops knowledge in the learning process. The student must feel connected to their teacher for constructivist learning to occur. If the student feels disconnected from their teacher, they will go back to the old ways of learning they feel most comfortable with such as rote memorization, algorithmic techniques, and cramming (Todd, 2004, pp. 12-18).The job of the teacher is to design a learning format that is aligned with the students current state of knowledge. The teacher becomes a facilitator of knowledge asking, What do students need to learn? rather than, What do I want to teach? Recognizing students preexisting conceptions, teachers guide act ivities to build students knowledge. As each new activity is taught, the student uses previous knowledge to develop more complex ideas and integrate new information (Brandon All, 2010). The guided inquiry curriculum begins with the assumption that knowledge is not directly transferred from the instructor to the student; that is the constructivist approach is implemented and follows the learning cycle (Spencer, 1999).A closer look at guided inquiry and its practical implication will be discussed in further detail in the next section. Application of Constructivism theory Guided Inquiry Guided-inquiry learning is a process by which students discover basic concepts through active investigation (Jin Bierma, 2011).Guided-inquiry, commonly known as POGIL (for Process Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning), has been shown to significantly increase student comprehension of difficult-to-understand concepts (Jin Bierma, 2011). Guided-inquiry is an active learning technique that focuses on concept understanding. Recent developments in classroom research results suggest that students generally experience improved learning when they are actively engaged in the classroom and when they construct their own knowledge following a learning cycle paradigm (Farrel, S.Moog, Spence, 1999).Active learning techniques are used by educators who recognize that students learn better by doing rather than listening (Jin Bierma, 2011) Guided-inquiry is commonly used in chemistry labs. The student is guided through questions in their lab assignments until they discover the concepts where the mechanisms at work are too small to observe with the naked eye (Jin Bierma, 2011). The student looks for trends and patterns in the data they collect. At that point they would form a hypothesis and then test their hypothesis. The goal is to make connections between observations and principles. This approach is based on the learning cycle: data collection, concept invention, and application (Farrel, S.Moog, Spence, 1999). Throughout the entire lab the student would be asked guiding questions to require the student to think about the various steps rather than simply following instructions (Farrel, S.Moog, Spence, 1999) With the implication of guided-inquiry methods, students work in teams with specifically designed guided-inquiry materials. The materials will either provide information or guide students through experiments, so they can collect their own information. These materials can be in the form of worksheets that serve as a tutorial to the students. The worksheets can contain questions that help to construct understanding by having the student build on previous knowledge. These guiding questions would be asked for students to discover by their own conclusions (Jin Bierma, 2011).A large part of guided-inquiry is the questions asked of the students. These questions can be referred to as probing questions. Teachers who have incorporated guided-inquiry techniques into their classroom have found that their students grades have improved because of it (Jin Bierma, 2011);(Farrel, S.Moog, Spence, 1999).It is important when implementing guided-inquiry for the students to be given time when working on an answer to a probing question, the teacher should observe, but once they interject their opinion, the benefit of the inquiry-based learning is compromised. The more the students discuss amongst themselves, the more likely they will come to the correct answer and learn the concept in order to retain it. Probing questions need to be constructed in a way that students can come to their predictions before the class time is complete. The downside to guided-inquiry is that it takes more time to create the learning materials and not as much information can be covered in a class period (Jin Bierma, 2011). Because this type of curriculum takes a lot of time for the teacher to prepare, it is very impo rtant that when a teacher finds a lesson that works well, and the students are learning, they must share their lesson with other teachers. Teachers should not be spending time creating guided-inquiry curriculum that has already been created, they should be creating another lesson that has not been formatted into guided-inquiry curriculum (Jin Bierma, 2011) Importance of Mathematics Ibn Khaldun, a great historian, sociologist, philosopher who born in 1332AD, in Tunis,is the Strongest personalities of Arab-Muslim culture in the period of its decline. He stressed the role of mathematics in his book al-Muqaddima as Education should be started with mathematics. For it forms well designed brains that are able to reason right. It is even admitted that those who have studied mathematics during their childhood should be trusted, for they have acquired solid bases for arguing which become to them a sort of second nature. According to the Britannica Concise encyclopedia, mathematics is the science of structure, order and relation that has evolved from counting, measuring and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. Since it involves quantitative calculations this makes it necessary to our everyday life as a day shall not pass without one doing some form of calculation really or abstractly in his or her brain. Imagine how it would be life if there was no mathematics; how were we going to count days, months and years, etc. Mathematics plays an important role in the complex world of science and technology. The scientific and technological development since 1940 emphasized for the first time that we live in scientific age and the disciplines which support this scientific and technologist civilization such as physics, chemistry, engineering, the management sciences, economic, the biological and medical sciences and the behavioral sciences all require Mathematics for their understanding and their further development. The place of mathematics in education must be determined by analysis of the society, the culture and the civilization, which the education is designed to serve. The dominant features of our civilization today are a series of major even revolutionary scientific developments, which have occurred in the twentieth century. Mathematics by virtue of its extensive, practical applications and the aesthetic appeal of its methods and results has long held a prominent place in education. Mathematics occupies a central position in curriculum. It is a compulsory subject from class I X. It is being taught as an integrated subject. It covers various areas like arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and statistics etc. Mathematics has gained the status of a special and universal language, which enables man to express his ideas about shape, quantity and relationship. Therefore knowledge of Mathematics is essential for successful life. The traditional theories of mathematics have been changed with the advent of the computer. In the past, application of mathematics was limited in extent. It is to be conceived as an integrated study of the learners environment, which contains the element of mathematics. The development of mathematics concept in our children will be best achieved mathematics concepts from concrete situations needs perceptive teaching. Gall and Hicks (1964) described that mathematics has played a key role in science, technology, industry, business, and ag riculture. Its study has been associated with habits of effective thinking, intellectual independence, aesthetic appreciation and creative expression. (Arif, 2011) Mathematics and Science Education in Pakistan Pakistans Education system can be broadly divided into Basic Education (primary, elementary and secondary levels) and Higher Education (post secondary and graduate levels). Both are governed by separate ministries with distinct management and financial systems. Mainstream or government schools offer primary education from class I V (5 to 9) and then middle or elementary schooling, class VI-VIII (10-13) and finally secondary schooling, class IX X (14 15). In classes IX and X students take the secondary school matriculation examination which is conducted by the Boards of Secondary Education. The medium of instruction in primary schools is Urdu, but English is introduced as a second language in class VI. The medium of instruction in the public schools is mainly Urdu, however, most of the teachers use their regional language as the language of instruction. Schools in the Provinces also teach their regional languages as a subject. However, Sindh is an exception where government schools can opt for Sindhi as a medium of instruction. As noted in the white paper and subsequently elaborated in media briefs in line with the curriculum reform to be introduced in 2007, the Ministry of Education has taken a policy decision to change the language of instruction to English in Science and Mathematics classrooms from grade VI and above (HassanAly, 2006). Science is taught as a compulsory subject at primary and elementary level (I-VIII) in an integration of biology, chemistry, physics and earth science. In primary classes (I-V), students study science 12 % of the total school time. At middle school level (VI-VIII) students spend 13-15% of their school time in studying science. At the secondary school level (IX-X) science is optional and those who opt for it study 12-14 % on each science subject physics, chemistry and biology. The content of the teaching in the middle classes revolves around three broad areas: living things, matter and energy, and the earth and the universe.(Halai, Razvi, Rodrigues, 2007) Mathematics is also taught as a compulsory subject for classes I VIII. The curriculum content is organized mainly into five major strands, number and number operations, measurement, geometry, data handling and algebra. At the secondary level (classes IX X) students can opt to take science group or general group. The former includes among other subjects physics, chemistry, biology and advanced mathematics (with a greater focus on algebra, functions, and trigonometry). The latter includes humanities and a course in general mathematics (with greater emphasis on arithmetic and less emphasis on algebra, functions and trigonometry). However, in 1995-96 the policy has changed according to which both groups take the same course in mathematics at the secondary level. A consequence of this policy is that school examination at class VIII serves the role as gate keepers in terms of who gets the science group and who doesnt. Those who perform well in mathematics and science at class VIII level get the opportunity of taking the science group. This bifurcation at an early stage in the academic life has implications for subsequent employment opportunities and poverty reduction. In a historical account of science education in Pakistan, Iqbal Mahmood (2000) maintain that until 1950 science was not taught at primary and middle level. It was the Science Education Commission established in 1959 which recommended that science education be made compulsory for classes VI-VIII. In the early sixties science education was made compulsory for I VIII but its quality was very poor. Iqbal Mahmood (2000) have shown that various education policies (1972, 1979, 1998-2010) have increasingly shifted the emphasis from a general education to science and technology education with a concomitant emphasis on school curriculum reforms both at primary and secondary level, to trigger students curiosity in scientific inquiry and understanding of scientific concepts and processes(Halai, Razvi, Rodrigues, 2007). For example, a recommendation of 1979 policy was to set Science Education Project (SEP) a six years project initiated in 1984 for promotion of science education in Pakistan at elementary and secondary and higher secondary level (6- 12) in collaboration of Asian Development Bank (Hill Tanveer, 1990). Relationship between mathematics and chemistry. In all nations of the world science and mathematics are given first class attention due to numerous benefits derived from them. Chemistry which is believed to be the mother of science equips students with knowledge in areas such as drugs, diseases, pollution, food, chemicals etc which when applied to the society improves man standard of living.(udousoro, 2011) Mathematics has generally been accepted as the foundation of science and technology and it is a very important subject in the secondary school curriculum, therefore, every nation needs it for sustained scientific and technological development.(udousoro, 2011) Also, mathematics is considered as a service tool for the study of sciences especially chemistry. But despite its importance and usefulness, it is a subject that is most feared by students at primary, secondary, even in the tertiary levels of education. Hence student with poor mathematics knowledge cannot solve calculation problems in chemistry (Kramers-pals, Lambrechts, Wolff, 2000). A careful study of the senior secondary chemistry curriculum in Nigeria and West African Senior Certificate syllabus reveal that a proper understanding of the mathematical concepts on Isotopy, formula, equations, solubility, chemical kinetics, quantitative and molar ratio, radioactivity, pH and laws of chemical equilibra etc in chemistry needs a good knowledge of basic mathematics and generally involves a lot of computation which make mathematics an important aspect of it(udousoro, 2011). The potency of mathematics as an anchor that holds the desirable achievement in the physical and biological sciences has been widely acknowledged. For instance, in chemical education, substantial studies have examined the relationship between mathematics and chemistry and found that mathematics forms the basic ingredients to the understanding of chemistry and the establishment of new facts by many researcher like Abdullahi, 1982; Johnstone, 1984; Adesoji, 1985; Carter and Brickhouse, 1989; Bello, 1990; Schmidt, 1992; Kogut, 1993; Axalonu, 1995; Adeyeye, 1999; Olayiwola, 2001; Kehinde, 2005; Adesugba, 2006(Oluwatayo, 2011). Though earlier studies in this area conducted in Nigeria reported that many students find chemistry difficult because of its abstract nature and the mathematical skills required, the bulk of the blame has been placed on the teachers for failing to develop the needed mathematical skills in the students to tackle chemical problems with ease. It is intriguing that many chemistry teachers tactically skip some perceived difficult concepts in chemistry, especially the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions due to their inability to effectively teach them, the factor which has scared many students away from chemistry(Oluwatayo, 2011).

Essay --

Executive Summary Mountville is a small town in Pennsylvania with a population of 3000. Located on Highway 30, the town is 20 miles East of the county of York and 10 miles West of the county of Lancaster. Interstate highway 30 connects York County and Lancaster County that both have universities and a cumulative population of almost 1,000,000 residents. The highway is the main road through town and is used daily by thousands of commuters between the two cities. These commuters sustain a number of roadside businesses on Highway 30 that sell many different commodities. There is currently one gas station at the location. The nearest gas stations directly off of the highway otherwise closest are each at more than a 5 mile distance. NOVA Food and Gas Center will offer these commuters gas, groceries, and a deli. On the way to work, a commuter could stop for gas and get some choice coffee. On the way home, the same commuter could stop again to pick up something for dinner, such as a sub or burger. The aim of this plan is to be a guide for this start-up business. Researching and defining our markets, strategies, mission and financials will provide insight and prepare the owner to successfully run NOVA. 1.1 Objectives To capture an increasing share of the commuter traffic passing through Mountville. To offer our customers superior products, at an affordable price. To provide customer service that is second to none. 1.2 Mission The mission of NOVA is to offer commuters on Highway 30 competitive gas prices and great food. The company will make a healthy profit for its owners and provide a rewarding work environment for its employees. 1.3 Keys to Success Good quality products at competitive prices. Excellent customer service that will pro... ... the sales forecast for three years. Management Summary Tegpartap Singh, owner of NOVA Food and Gas Center, is a young man who wishes to start his own gas station. Tegpartap has had lots of exposure to gas station management, as many of his family members and family friends are owners of various gas stations. 6.1 Personnel Plan The NOVA Food and Gas Center will have a staff of five: Manager Store/deli staff (2) Gas attendants (2) Financial Plan The following is the financial plan for NOVA Food and Gas Center. 7.1 Break-even Analysis The monthly break-even point is approximately $49,500. 7.2 Projected Profit and Loss The following table and charts highlight the projected profit and loss for three years. 7.3 Projected Cash Flow 7.4 Projected Balance Sheet The following table and chart highlight the projected balance sheet for three years.

Teenagers Perception of Birth Control and Abortion

Research Report Executive Summary (Summary or Abstract) The aim of this report was to investigate woman teenager about â€Å"Teenagers perception of birth control and abortion†. So, this is the big problem in Thailand because abortions are illegal in Thailand, remain common and an important public health issue for women in Thailand. Which results from sex without protected. So that’s the big problem of women, and the purpose of this research is how teenage women think and awareness of birth control and abortion.We are finding who have been a sex, then what did you do if you pregnant while you studying. How do you do and how you solve this problem. Introduction The dictionary defines birth control as â€Å"a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant. † Birth control has become imperative in today's world, due to the global rise in population, need for fami ly planning and also to safeguard oneself from unwanted pregnancy.There are various methods of birth control that one can adopt, including the withdrawal method, or coitus interruptus; barrier methods like condom, diaphragm, cervical cap or contraceptive sponge; chemical methods like contraceptive pills, contraceptive patch, or the progesterone-only pill (POP); intrauterine methods; fertility awareness methods and more. Other than the preventive methods, one can also adopt abortion methods like surgical abortions, chemical abortions and herbal abortifacients to end unwanted pregnancies.Some permanent birth control solutions are surgical sterilization, which includes tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. According to records of the Department of Health, each year 10,000 students under the age of 15 have become pregnant in Thailand. An age-old issue of students premature pregnancy and their legal right to compulsory education attracts much controversy, primarily if it's rela ted to early teen pregnancy. By and large teenage girls don't intend to get pregnant. They just lack life’s experience.By denying them education, it isn't just punishing them, which is wrong anyways, but a punishment for their children and families alike. They have already been punished by having to look after a child at such young age, but to cut short their educational opportunity†¦ One can argue that the current policy of expelling pregnant teenage students is against the law, as Thailand is signatory to the convention on the rights of the child. Still, a Students Pregnancy Bill proposed by the Thai government draws a hot debate.A draft bill intends to give pregnant students the legal right to take maternal leave and continue their studies after giving birth. Literature Review These changes have been accompanied and underpinned by urbanisation, westernisation, moderation of cultural and religious norms, and the expansion of Thailand's infamous sex industry. A substant ial (and largely undeveloped) rural economy remains (details of sources available from authors on request). Sexual health is an increasingly important public health issue. nd In a recent cross-sectional survey, 43% of Thai girls aged 17 years or younger reported having sexual intercourse; one in five of these reported this experience as coercive, and one in four became pregnant. 5 Other studies in Thailand have documented increasingly early sexual debut, low rates of contraceptive use by adolescents, a growing burden of HIV and other sexual transmitted diseases in young people, rising rates of teenage pregnancy and illegal abortion, and the exchange of sex for money or gifts. and These trends are similar to those in other countries in transition and worldwide.Even if you use some other methods of birth control, condom is the king. Condoms not only prevent pregnancy, they are the only solution that protects against sexually transmitted diseases. Just in case of new romantic sexual en counters – you meet that â€Å"perfect† person, and†¦ get caught in the heat of the moment. Condoms also protect you (and potentially your partner) from urinary and vaginal infections. Although, condoms are commonly available almost everywhere, keep in mind that selection and quality may be limited.Abortions, According to the Thai law (in effect since 1956), abortions are illegal in Thailand, except for the girls under the age of 15 or with a serious illness, and when the pregnancy threatens the woman’s health or results from rape or incest. Yet de facto, the abortion law is rarely enforced, and illegal abortions remain common and an important public health issue for women in Thailand. There is evidence of wide public support led by women's groups, medical and legal professionals for the reform of abortion laws to widen the circumstances under which an abortion is legal.Abortion Policy and Practices in Thailand, Some medical professionals more or less discr etely advertise for abortion business, but many abortionists are untrained, which commonly leads to the dreadful consequences. So, abortion in Thailand is de jure legal only when it is considered necessary to protect a woman's health or in case of rape. Under the recently revised (but yet published) abortion regulations issued by the Medical Council of Thailand, the term â€Å"health† includes mental, emotional and physiological considerations as well as physical conditions.The determination that a woman qualifies for a legal abortion under that criteria can only be made by a medical doctor licensed in Thailand. This determination (and, if positive, the abortion procedure) can be done at any hospital, private or government. Though, private hospitals with religious affiliations may chose not provide that service. In early pregnancy, it can also be done at one of the many low cost clinics operated by the Thai NGO Population ; Community Development Association (PDA). For cost es timates, contact the hospital or clinic of your choice.Just remember that they will not tell you if they will be able to perform the procedure until the woman has met with a doctor. Research Methodology In this study, we will research about perception of birth control and abortion for teenagers. We are going to find the sources by giving questionnaire and interview. The survey’s target group is a woman teenager. In this survey, we will ask 50 women in Bangkok University and also 50 teenage women in Bangkok. So the total number of participant is 100 women. This number is large enough to say that the information is accurate.So we will collect the data from 100 women to get a result how teenage women in Thailand think and awareness of birth control pill and abortion. Results/Findings There were 50 women in Bangkok University an also 50 teenage women in Bangkok. So, ask them about how teenage women think and awareness of birth control and abortion. A breakdown of the responses is qualitative question, so we’ll ask them like a questionnaires form. Have you received any sex education or learned about sex before you actually have sex? Where did you learn it from? Do you think sex education is important?A lots of people told that, sex education is necessary for teenage for save health and avoid social accident, it’s very much importance to give sex education to young people. Population can be control by sex education there should be hold public awareness about sex education. Youths should be given the sex and contraceptive knowledge for their future. How much do you know about ‘Birth Control’? One of the toughest decisions that a lot of teens are whether to have sex if people decide to have sex, it means they must also take responsibility to protect themselves from unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.The most effective way to prevent pregnancy is abstinence. Couples who do decide to have sex can choose from many effe ctive birth control methods. Do you use any birth control methods? What are they? Please explain. Average of women use any birth control methods including condom and birth control pills make them safe sex, such as the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Do you think birth control is important? Why? The best choice that you can make for yourself is not to have sex until you are ready.Even if you have had sex in the past, you can still choose not to have sex until you are ready. You have a right to choose for yourself if you are being pressured or forced to have sex, it is importance that you talk an adult you trust about what is going on. What will you do if you accidentally get pregnant? Each individual will have different feelings, thoughts, be in a different point in life, etc. There simply is no correct answer for everyone. It depends on personally abortions, don’t have the income to support a child, and feel it’s unfair to bring a child into the world if it won’t have a good living.What do you think about an abortion? Some think that abortion is WRONG! But some women think that abortion should be a decision that a mother should make for herself. We believe that being pro-choice is a good thing. We wouldn’t want anyone telling me what to do with my baby and we don’t think women should be forced to feel that abortion is murder. A right to choose is a very important right. Do you consider an abortion as one of the options when you get unwanted pregnancy? Why? Women face unplanned pregnancies every year. If you are deciding what to do about an unplanned pregnancy, you have a lot to think about.Where you’re thinking about having an abortion, you’re helping a women decide if abortion is right for her, or you’re just curious about abortion, you have many hear woman ask when considering abortion. What do you think is the best solution after getti ng unwanted pregnancy? Don’t have sex is the best way, condoms is second. If the guy doesn’t want to wear one then he is not a great choice to have sex with? You’re too young to get your tubes tied don’t do it yet. May best advice to you is really not to have sex get yourself together first. I know firsthand on this.Ask yourself before you have sex if I get pregnant by this guy what type of dad would he be, and will be able to deal with him for the rest of my life. Discussion According to the data that we have corrected, many women have different thoughts among the birth control and abortion. Some of them have same opinions but some are different. Therefore, most of the women that we had questionnaire thinks that sex education is important for all the teenage in Thailand today. By giving them knowledge about sexual education, they can prevent from unwanted pregnancy and transmitted disease causes by sexual relationship.Also we can decrease abortion rate i n Thailand. A lot of woman seems like they have aware that they should use birth control method when they have relationship with their partner. They said they must have responsibility and need to talk with partner about it before. Most of them are disagreed with unplanned pregnancy. Because some people are do not have enough income to raise their baby after giving a birth. They cannot take care of their baby and they might experience a hard time with a child and they will not able to make them happy. So some women think that abortion is the one of the decision that women can chose for their life.If they don’t think that they can raise their baby and make them happy, abortion can be one of a good decision. Of course, some of them are think that abortion is wrong and we shouldn’t do it, because of religious reason or thought that it is refer as killing people. At last, the best solution for prevent unwanted pregnancy problem is not to have a sex, condom is a second. It i s true that if you don’t have a sex you won’t get pregnant. Some of them said that you shouldn’t have a relationship with a partner that not willing to support unwanted pregnancy.If your partner refused to use birth control methods then you should reconsider about your partner. This problem is not about only yourself, it’s about you and your partner. Don’t forget that you can chose your partner and try to seek for a good one before have relationship. Conclusion The knowledge of sexual education should be gain in Thailand. Teenage in Thailand seems to know about birth control and they know that they should use them when they have sexual relationship, but they don’t really aware of unwanted pregnancy or abortion.So to gain the knowledge about abortion, the school needs to put more effort for sexual education in their class and give more knowledge that what will happen if you don’t use birth control protection and when woman get pregnanc y and effect for woman by abortion. To avoid the unwanted pregnancy, we should let teenage know the importance of birth control methods and persuade them to use if they think they are still too young to have a baby or not ready to have a baby yet. Recommendations * To gain and put more effort to teach the knowledge about sexual education in schools. Make an event or campaign related to birth control method and let people aware to use birth control methods. * To let people know more about abortion, such as how the abortion affect women afterward. References Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/206651 http://ezinearticles. com/? An-Introduction-To-Birth-Control;id=206651 http://www. th4u. com/abortions. htm http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/10/05/study-free-birth-control-abortion-rate_n_1942621. html http://www. dailymail. co. uk/health/article-1238612/Girls-using-abortion-birth-control. html http://www. abort73. com/abortion_facts/which_birth_control_methods_cause_abortion/

Industrial Luncheon Services Essay Example

Industrial Luncheon Services Essay Example Industrial Luncheon Services Essay Industrial Luncheon Services Essay In 1946, Bill Rosenberg founded Industrial Luncheon Services, a company that delivered meals and snacks to workers in the Boston area. The success of Industrial Luncheon Services convinced Rosenberg to start The Open Kettle, a doughnut shop in Quincy, Massachusetts. Two years later, The Open Kettle changed its name to Dunkin Donuts. Today, Dunkin Donuts stores can be found in over 32 countries, and they serve 70 varieties of doughnuts, along with hot and cold coffee drinks, bagels, breakfast sandwiches and other baked goods. Dunkin Donuts parent company, Dunkin Brands Inc. also franchises Baskin-Robbins, and the two concepts are sometimes co-branded. In 1946, Bill Rosenberg founded Industrial Luncheon Services, a company that delivered meals and snacks to workers in the Boston area. The success of Industrial Luncheon Services convinced Rosenberg to start The Open Kettle, a doughnut shop in Quincy, Massachusetts. Two years later, The Open Kettle changed its name to Dunkin Donuts. Today, Dunkin Donuts stores can be found in over 32 countries, and they serve 70 varieties of doughnuts, along with hot and cold coffee drinks, bagels, breakfast sandwiches and other baked goods. Dunkin Donuts parent company, Dunkin Brands Inc. , also franchises Baskin-Robbins, and the two concepts are sometimes co-branded. In 1946, Bill Rosenberg founded Industrial Luncheon Services, a company that delivered meals and snacks to workers in the Boston area. The success of Industrial Luncheon Services convinced Rosenberg to start The Open Kettle, a doughnut shop in Quincy, Massachusetts. Two years later, The Open Kettle changed its name to Dunkin Donuts. Today, Dunkin Donuts stores can be found in over 32 countries, and they serve 70 varieties of doughnuts, along ith hot and cold coffee drinks, bagels, breakfast sandwiches and other baked goods. Dunkin Donuts parent company, Dunkin Brands Inc. also franchises Baskin-Robbins, and the two concepts are sometimes co-branded. In 1946, Bill Rosenberg founded Industrial Luncheon Services, a company that delivered meals and snacks to workers in the Boston area. The success of Industrial Luncheon Services convinced Rosenberg to start The Open Kettle, a doughnut shop in Quincy, Massachusetts. Two years later, ton area. The success ot Industrial Luncheon Services convinced Rosenberg and the two concepts are sometimes co-branded.

How to Edit a Sentence

How to Edit a Sentence How to Edit a Sentence How to Edit a Sentence By Michael Ive suggested that its best to write first and edit later. But for many people, editing can be as intimidating as writing. So lets edit a sentence together, shall we, and see if the process is as hazardous as we fear. I got on my bicycle, taking my lunch to school, built in the 1970s. Lots of room for improvement here. What is the main thing thats happening anyway? Am I getting or taking or building or all three? Taking my lunch to school, I got on my bicycle, built in the 1970s. Okay, so Im going. The sentence emphasizes the main verb now, but it makes the bicycle seem very old. Taking my lunch, I got on my bicycle, heading to school, built in the 1970s. That makes it more likely that the school is old, not the bicycle, but lets sharpen our point. Taking my lunch, I got on my bicycle, heading to school, which was built in the 1970s. Taking, heading which verb is more important? Whats the main action in the sentence? I need to make my actions as clear as we can. Three verbs reside in one sentence, but I resolve that only one action shall rule. Taking my lunch, I got on my bicycle and headed to school, which was built in the 1970s. Much better. Now got and headed are parallel, and the focus is on me. I like that focus. But the verb taking seems a little weak here. Meaning, the verb taking doesnt accurately describe what I did with my lunch that morning. Grabbing my lunch, I got on my bicycle and headed to school, which was built in the 1970s. Neither does the verb got. I mean, it seems a little weak too. It doesnt accurately describe what I did with my bicycle that morning. Grabbing my lunch, I climbed on my bicycle and headed to school, which was built in the 1970s. That is it. As you can see the editing process is done in cycles. It can take considerable time (sometimes just as much as the writing), but it is definitely worth it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)The Difference Between "will" and "shall"How to Write a Proposal

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example Whatever kind of change in an organisation, people end up being affected because an organisation is made of people. Moreover, people are afraid of change even in the rare cases where change may actually be directly beneficial to them. This can be seen in instances where an organisation wants to buy a new system to make work for the employees easier, yet the employees get sceptical about change. This paper is a case study analysis about an auto manufacturing firm that is about to go through a process of change. The 5D Appreciative Inquiry will be used to determine the issues in the case study and also in developing possible solutions. A closer look at the case reveals a number of issues that are directly linked to change management. These problems can be classified into two main categories as follows; Issues leading to a need to change; Competition According to the case study, it becomes clear that the firm is suffering from increase competition in the market. Competition has intensif ied in the market, thus making it harder for the organisation to restructure its operations in order to absorb the shock waves caused by this increased competition from the market. This issue, combined with the next discussed issue has made the organisation to have no choice but to restructure its business model. ... One such issue is the fact that the firm has in the past failed to have a futuristic strategy that can help it to overcome such issues when they do show up. In a modern business world, it is important for such organisations to be always ready to deal with such issues because such issues are inevitable (Todnem, 2005). One mistake that the D2 has done in the past is the fact that it continued having distributed manufacturing while multinational manufacturers have in the past flowed towards centralised manufacturing in order to increase economies of scale and economies of efficiency. Issues that may make the change management harder for D2 No information With regard to change management, D2 is having a few issues that it needs to take care of. One of these issues is the fact that information sharing has not been achieved in the organisation. According to the case study, it becomes open that the junior managers and the workers are hardly aware of the imminent change and that even most of the managers are not yet aware it. This is a major error by D2, and it will lead to the negative impact on the change process. Any change process requires that all participants be well informed about the change way before the change is implemented (Poole and Andrew, 2004). Change process is always met with protest and resistance, and the more the change management process is informed to all the stakeholders, the easier it is for the firm to be able to overcome these issues of resistance (Kerr and Slocum, 2009). In this case, the fact that D2 top management has chosen to not inform the managers and employees in good time will mean that the employees are more likely to be angry about the issues. Involvement of the individuals The other eminent issues in the case study

E-Commerce Application Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-Commerce Application Development - Essay Example There are five types of e-business models that form the basic structure on which websites are based. These five models are vanity, billboard, advertising, subscription and storefront. Many sites also combine these basic models. All sites incur cost of development and maintenance, though they may not be deriving direct revenue from it. The five models of e-commerce have unique characteristics. The Vanity model, as the name suggests, cater typically to individuals who start it as an outlet for expression, to share a hobby, promote a cause such as an environmental or social agenda, etc. The site then acts like an online forum, to bring people together. A very good example for such a site is greenpeace.org. The site brings together people who are conscious about the degradation of the environment and helps raise a voice against issues such as climate change, endangered species, deforestation etc. The revenue models for such Vanity sites build up through advertisements of related organisations, services and products. In the case of Greenpeace, the site is maintained mainly through donations. The costs of vanity sites are either born by the individual or by philanthropic institutions such as associations, universities or may be businesses. This e-commerce model is designed to work like a billboard. Also called the brochure or information sites, Billboard models derive economic benefit indirectly through referred sales and reduced cost. The sites creates product awareness through the online medium, however, the actual buying and selling takes place off-line. Netizens surf and view the sites and the model functions in the same way as a billboard on a highway. The success of the site is measured according to the hits or viewership it gets. The site influences people to buy the product. The perfect real world example of this model is billboard.com. The site gives you music news, reviews, articles, information about live shows and more. You can listen to music, and download free music. The site also ranks music and ranks the best songs for any genre. The revenue model, what is apparent from the site, are advertisements related to the music world. For example you can buy Billboard magazine from the site. The Advertising model, in e-commerce, is similar to the model followed by radio, television and the print medium, among other things. The programme and the content are totally funded by the advertiser's money and the 'viewership' of the site decides the advertisement rate and volume. Surveys conducted by the websites can establish the 'viewership' of the sites and the advertising rates are decided likewise. The various forms of advertising for e-commerce are banners, sponsorships, ezine ads and other promotion methods. The Subscription model, though very well established in the 'real' world, has not become so prominent in the e-world. Consumers have not yet accepted the culture of subscriptions on the web. The subscription models, on the web, target particular niches of individuals with specific needs. These sites are often specialized with expert content and timely information. The subscriptions fund the development and