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Write A Research Paper For Me

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Write A Research Paper For Me

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What Is Research Writing?

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What Is Research Writing?

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What You Need to Know About Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics

What You Need to Know About Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics and Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination Famous people set a terrible example for kids. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor children to have tattoos, since they are making the decision for their own children. In order to get children, both parents ought to be certified. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. Key Pieces of Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics Even a student can begin a business online. The internet should be censored. School and household internet ought to be filtered. Folks shouldn't post private information on social networking sites. Internet access needs to be free. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. They should be encouraged to include both textual information and their own connections and implications. New Questions About Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics Similar interests assume the reason different classes have a tendency to be around each other more. Every student ought to be made to learn to code. The teacher might need to provide models or instruction on developing a bibliography or works cited. A minumum of one parent should work at home. The Appeal of Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics Why you shouldn't select your youngster's genetics. Problems related to drugs are quite contradictive. The voting age has to be lowered. It should be reduced to 16 years. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Now you have a great beginning to your essay, you will need to compose a few paragraphs to back up your stance. The structure ought to be deliberately chosen to ensure it suits the subject, audience and aim of the speech. Persuasive speech refers to a certain sort of speech where the speaker has the objective of persuading the audience to accept their perspective. Persuasive essays are a fantastic method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. Needless to say, giving an excellent persuasive speech requires more than simply selecting an excellent topic. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. Selecting the proper topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy matter to do as it might appear. In any case, the dearth of suitable grammar makes the listeners drop respect to the speaker. Normally, having three significant arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. The third step is to be certain that the speech is localized. All charge card debt ought to be written off. Whatever the case, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is especially close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, rather than just picking a random topic. Being on social media doesn't indicate that you're being social in the proper way. Our life is about words. Communicating with virtual friends can result in people not having the opportunity to socialize with real folks. Key Pieces of Social Classes Pesuasive Essay Topics Educated people ought to be asked to volunteer as literacy tutors. Topics that you're familiarized with will make it simpler to get ready for the speech. Students accountable for bullying ought to be expelled from school. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. Language ought never to be permitted to change. Students may offer feedback to one another on their opening paragraphs. They should be allowed to listen to music during prep time. All students need to have a year studying abroad.

Has Clicktivism Significantly Changed Native American...

Has Clicktivism significantly changed Native American struggles over land and resources through protest and activism? Clicktivism otherwise known as internet activism has in a very short amount of time become transformative to wider protest and activism. As elaborated on by Robin Cohen et al when referring to Native Americans. â€Å"These technologies enable them to build sites of counter-hegemonic power which give unprecedented exposure to their politics of naming and shaming to reclaim their traditions and lands through the assertion of rights.† (2000, pp.21). Indigenous struggles for their land and resources is far from a recent phenomenon as it pre-exists the industrial revolution and has been a continuous process in America for over 500†¦show more content†¦The forestalling and brief suspension of the project was aided by online activism which allowed non-native supporters to join the protest and attract media coverage. The DAPL protest highlights the positive influence of internet activism on Indigenous protest in North America, which has subsided in its effectiveness since its highly influential protests in the 1960s and 1970s. The most famous of these protests are the occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969, the 1970 occupation of Mount Rushmore which is sacred to the Sioux and which was illegally taken. These protests were launched to raise awareness of injustices committed against indigenous groups in the USA. One of the largest concerns around which many of the 1960s protests were centred around was the Indian termination policy. This policy removed any concessions given by the US government to Native American tribes through treaties. It is important to note that because of treaties protection in the US constitution that they are indefinite and cannot expire. Through enforcing treaties such as the return of surplus federal land to the Native people from whom it was taken as was the case in Alcatraz. Awareness by the general public of indigenous injustices and struggles over land and resources increases. To build on the previous point of injustices towards Native Americans by over controlling government, the nautonomy that affects theShow MoreRelatedNative American Self Determination Movement1441 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing on from this last point the Native American self-determination movement has achieved almost all of its victories without outside help. Indeed many organisations such as the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), Native American Rights Fund (NARF) and National Alaska Native American Indian Nurses Association (NANAINA) are run by and for Native Americans and their interests. As with most civil rights movements but even more the case as Native Americans have their own sovereign citizenship

A Comparative Essay On Hope - 899 Words

A Comparative Essay on Hope In Troubled Times and Summary Written by Bob Goudswaard, David Van Heemst, and Mark Vander Vennen Hope in Troubled Times: A New Vision for Confronting Global Crises, is a compelling book that captures the attention of any reader especially when we live in such troubling times. The Forward was written by none other than Christian Leader Desmond Tutu who opposed the apartheid in South Africa. Despite the cheery title this book was no easy read what so ever. The book covered topics cush as Worldwide Poverty, Environmental Degradation and Widespread Terrorism, just to name a few. The authors of this book had an interesting approach to laying these topics out, going in to great detail. Writing from a more realist approach the authors claimed not to be optimist, which was evident and at times they seemed slightly pessimistic. Throughout the book the authors made excellent use of many of our cultural problems pointing out their ideological roots. But before they did that they took to time to explain in great lengths wha t ideology really is and how it came about. It is more than just the dictionary definition: â€Å"the body of doctrine, myth or beliefs that guide an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group (Dictionary.com).† However, the explained how good ideas with good intentions and legitimate goals can over time become ideological without realizing it. Even goal like the systematic social and economic growth, protection andShow MoreRelatedAchieve a Level Four Performance in an Oral Exam Through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesLevel Four Performance in an Oral Exam through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay Part One Write an Effective Oral Essay/Formal Speech on a Comparative-Study Topic â€Å"The central idea, or thesis, is your essay’s life and spirit.† Sheridan Baker, The Practical Stylist Formal speeches are carefully scripted pieces of writing. A formal speech is essentially an oral essay. The conventions of the oral essay/the formal speech include the following: †¢ Purpose To persuade, inspireRead MoreApplication Writing As An Effective Method Of Writing866 Words   |  4 Pagesincorporate an evident thesis within my work and analyze different genres and point of views. Within my portfolio I have chosen to include my Response to an Argument Essay and my Comparative Ad Analysis Essay. I based my conclusion of essays to consist of on an idea showing that once I was able to analyze a situation, such as I did within my essays, I was able to not only respond to an argument, but also identify, describe and analyze different audiences and genres to form my own opinion. 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Planning and Management Devex Company

Question: Discuss about the Planning and Management Devex Company. Answer: Job Specifications Corporate Operations Manager (COM) The COM is an important position because the officer offers professional and management support across the firm as the responsibilities focus on planning, organizational development, operational effectiveness and efficiency, and performance management. The officer will be reporting to the Chief Operating Officer (COO) and coordinate several activities that are handled by the COO. The COM is mandated to exercise independent judgment, communicate effectively, and employ exceptional analytical skills. Tasks General Procedures and Policies The COM will be responsible for completing the processes that ensure there is a comprehensive operational plan. The officer will maintain the operational procedures and policies Field Office Operations Develop and deploy clear procedures and policies regarding the field office administration The COM will coordinate, integrate, and complete activities and facilitate sharing of information across organizational units Cultivate and develop a trusted short-term consultant Safety and Security Program Provide an oversight of safety and security programs Review, update and modify policies and procedures continuously Special initiatives Strengthen operational efficiency and effectiveness Planning and management support Analyse the planning and performance management tasks Gather and update data on the quarterly basis Education Requirements The applicant must possess a Masters degree in any related field from a reputable educational institution. MBA preferred Knowledge/Skills Demonstrate strong leadership skills Excellent organizational skills Demonstrate ability to handle confidential information independently Good writing and verbal skills in English Excellent communication, writing, negotiation, and analytical skills Result-oriented, proactive, and creative Strong decision maker Advanced experience and knowledge with the use of PowerPoint, MS Word, Project, and Excel Experience Minimum ten years of experience Management consulting experience is an additional advantage Application The job application is made online by login on the companys website Deadline: 13 March 2017 Bibliography Devex, 2014, Feb 4. Corporate Operations Manager, Devex, available at https://www.devex.com/jobs/corporate-operations-manager-357859

Perrines Literature Structure, Sound, Sense 11th Ed. (Short Stories) Essay Example

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The Heresy of Galileo essays

The Heresy of Galileo essays THE HERESY OF GALILEO Galileo was condemned by the Inquisition, not for his own brilliant theories, but because he stood up for his belief in Copernicus's theory that the earth was not, as the Church insisted, the center of the universe, but that rather, the universe is heliocentric. Galileo was a man of tremendous intellect and imagination living in a era dominated by the Catholic Church, which attempted to control the people by dictating their own version of "reality." Any person who publicly questioned Church doctrine ran the chance of condemnation and punishment. If man could think, man could question, and the Church could lose its authority over the masses. This could not be tolerated in the 17th century, when the Church had the power to dictate "reality." Copernicus probably avoided a similar fate by confining his opinions to his students and the university milieu, and in fact his theories were not published until the time of his death. To be tried by the Inquisition was something that nobody could take lightly. Although in Galileo's time the Inquisition was becoming more and more lenient, it was known to have used torture in the past and to have sent many heretics to burn at the stake. As late as 1600, this fate had befallen the Italian thinker Giordano Bruno, a one-time Dominican friar who had adopted a From the summer of 1605, Galileo was private tutor of mathematics to young Prince Cosimo de' Medici, son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Teacher and pupil became sincerely attached to each other by mutual affection and deference, and this bond lasted to the end of Galileo's life. Galileo remained a good friend of the Grand Duke as well. In the summer of 1611, the Grand Duke invited Galileo to a dinner party at his court. The Duke liked to gather great scholars around him, especially when he had illustrious guests, to hear them talk about issues of ...

(help me make the topic) Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(help me make the topic) - Research Proposal Example Researchers have had varying opinions on this subject. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of government expenditure of economic growth of USA in order to eliminate the confusion revolving around this phenomenon. USA has the largest national economy. Its nominal GDP was estimated to be $15.8 trillion in the third quarter of 2012. This represents a quarter of the global nominal GDP. The 2007 credit crunch in the world began in the US economy leading to serious economic problems such as increased levels of unemployment and high levels of public debt. This led to increased government intervention in the economy to fasten recovery from the recession. Government intervention came in the form of increased expenditure in stimulus programs and change of macroeconomic policies. The total expenditure in 2012 was $3.796 trillion and has been on the increase throughout the past decade (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24). According to Keynesian economics, an increase in government expenditure causes an increase in GDP via the multiplier effect. According to Keynes, GDP is a function of consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, government expenditure and net exports. There is therefore a positive relationship between a government expenditure and economic growth (Stefan and Magnus 1510). However, researchers have had different views on this subject. According to by Richard Rahn, government spending lead to increased economic growth up to some optimal level above which the economy begins to contract. Proponents of the Rahn curve theory suggest that optimal government expenditure should be between 15% and 25% of GDP (Surhone, Tennoe, Henssonow 10). In a study comparing the Anglo-American Model and European Models, James, Robert and Randall (20) studies the impact of government structure and size on economic development. The paper concludes that the government is able

Literature Research and PICO Question Annotated Bibliography

Literature Research and PICO Question - Annotated Bibliography Example Indeed, the authors argued that ascertaining the wishes or choices of the patient for their care is a fundamental requirement in establishing an effective care plan. The study found that around 42% of the 380 participants with advanced cancer preferred palliative care of a more conservative nature, with the said percentage of patients actually choosing only one or two modes of treatment. Still, in addition to this preference, the authors also looked at what demographic characteristics predict the possibility of a choice between CPM and AAMM. Maida, et al. (2010) found that younger, non-Caucasian cancer patients who have with them substitute decision makers (SDM) are more likely to prefer more aggressive means of coping with the disease condition. This study was chosen as a significant literature because it aimed to quantify the characteristics and preferences of patients with their end-of-life care. By doing so, the study provides a rich background for the PIO question exploring which could be more effective in providing comfort at the end of life, CPM or AAMM, as perceived by the patients themselves. Rose, J. H., O’Toole, E. E., Dawson, N. V., Lawrence, R., Gurley, D., Thomas, C., et al. (2004). Perspectives, Preferences, Care Practices, and Outcomes Among Older and Middle-Aged Patients With Late-Stage Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22 (24), 4907-4917. Much like the earlier study by Maida, et al. (2010), this research aimed to look into the preferences of terminal cancer patients in their care at the end of life. However, this study took a more qualitative approach, actually exploring the preferences for the care of the patients, and the degree by which these preferences were perceived to have provided comfort to the patient before their death. By utilizing a more in-depth exploration of the perceived effectiveness of different palliative methods, the researchers were able to point out which methods were most effective in promoting comfort

Good Parent Essay Example for Free

Good Parent Essay Being parents must have many variable quality or responsibility for their children. Parents play a major role in the life of a child that the children can learn what they live with their parent. Good parent is invaluable to our society as lack of good parenting in can have long-term effects on children and on society. Good parents are those who are self-sacrificing, teachable, curious, and diligent. Firstly, one quality of a good parent is one who is self-sacrificing. A good parent does all he or she can to meet the needs of his or her children. Notice this is the child’s needs, not wants. Good parent should content childrens material needs, namely a home, food, clothes, and so forth. This provision should help at least on the level of minimum childrens requirements or better depending on parents financial capabilities, though not infinitely better so that not to surfeit and consequently spoil the child. Secondly, many decisions parents make are guided by the end goal of meeting these needs; decisions such as, the way money is spent and even how much or how little personal time is taken for oneself. Self-sacrificing does not mean that a parent gives up his or her life for their children, but they do end up putting much of their life on hold in order to put the child’s needs first. Good parents should actively promote childs physical and mental development. This include disciple the child, habitual the child to physical exercises and studying, providing the child with as best education as possible, and edifying or advising the child on any problem he or she encounters during life. Thirdly, good parent needs to be teachable. This is not to say that as a parent, you have to heed all, or even most of the advice readily given to you, especially if this advice conflicts with your values and ethics. However, if there is no conflict, a good parent should be able to accept the advice and mull it over for possible use or implementation. Parents make mistakes, it is going to happen. Being willing to listen and learn can help to avoid some of these mistakes, and learning from any mistakes that are made will make you a better parent in the end. Finally, the most important and quite comprehensive quality of good parents is being responsible for their children. This responsibility of activities and roles a parent should perform through the whole life or at least until the child become mature enough to live independently. Most of these activities spending a lot of time with children, which is in many cases problematic as adults usually have a lot of things to do in their lives even with no parenting taken into account. But good parents should always procure opportunities to spend with their children as much time as possible. Also, good parents should protect their children. It may imply protection of childs health, that is they should try to prevent the child from getting ill and take care of the child if he or she however got ill. Parents should also protect their children from any dangers both internal and external. An example of an internal danger may be a possibility of getting hooked on cigarettes, alcohol, or drugs. An external danger may be any ill intention from any other people, like bullies at school. Good parent should always provide both moral and material support for his or her children. In conclusion, good parent should help the child to go through the life to the adulthood in order to make him or her feel comfortable in the family.

A Christmas Carol :: essays research papers

The four main characters in the book are Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Bob Cratchit, and Ebenezer Scrooge’s nephew, Fred. This story takes place in London, England. The time is winter December 1843 and it starts the day before Christmas, also known as Christmas Eve. Ebenezer Scrooge is the main character of the story, All 3 ghosts visit him. Through him, the lesson of the story is to be learned. In the book, he is made out to be Anti-Christmas, some are feeling pity for him, other hostility. "External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. No wind that blew was bitterer than he†¦Nobody ever stopped in the street to say, with gladsome looks, ‘My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to see me?’. No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked him what it was o’clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge." Next there is Tiny Tim, he has to use a crutch to walk and he is very small. Despite his disability, he always keeps the spirit up and tries to maintain it in all his brothers, sisters, and parents, even though they are poor. " He told me, coming home, that he hoped the people saw him because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember, upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see." This quote just shows how thoughtful he is, and how much he cares for others. Tiny Tim’s father Bob is an employee of Scrooge and he is the only one in the Cratchit family that is thankful to Scrooge, because of the job and the pay that he has given him to support his family and keep food in their stomachs. The last but not least major character is Scrooge’s nephew, Fred. He seems to be the only person who comes to converse with Scrooge and offer him anything. In this case, Fred offered him an invitation to his house for Christmas dinner. Fred is convinced at the beginning of the story that Scrooge doesn’t really mean "Bah!†¦Humbug!" No matter how many times he says it. "He had so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooge’s, that he was all in a glow; his face ruddy and handsome; his eyes sparkled, and his breath smoked again.

Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay

Keratoconus ( KC ) is a noninflammatory corneal ectasis which normally affects both eyes and with an incidence of about 1 per 2,000 in the general population ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) , KC is going a important clinical job worldwide ( Zadnik et al, 1996 ) . The authoritative histopathological characteristics of KC include stromal cutting, Fe deposition in the epithelial cellar membrane and interruptions in the Bowman ‘s bed ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . KC is a heterogeneous disease, with several indicants of familial factors lending to the pathogenesis of stray KC such as duplicate surveies, bilateralism of the disease, familial collection and formal familial analyses ( Rabinowitz, 2003 ) . However, the function of environmental factors such as oculus friction and difficult contact lens wear may besides lend to the patterned advance of the disease in genetically susceptible persons ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Although really small is known about the mechanisms taking to ectasia in KC, the curr ent hypothesis is that the cutting of the cornea is due to abnormalcy in the collagen cross-linking and subsequent stromal thinning which leads to bulge of the cornea ( Li et al, 2007 ) . Other research lab surveies have besides indicated the degree alterations of transforming growing factor-I?2 and antioxidant enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin V/L2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( TIMPs ) in the eyes of KC patients ( Maier et al, 2007 ; Kenney et Al, 2005 ) . Another strong hypothesis of the development of KC was put frontward ( Wilson et al, 1996 ) who pointed out the function of the interleukin-1 system and other programmed cell death modulating systems which contributes to loss of keratocytes and finally stromal cutting. However, all of these suggested hypotheses need to be more clearly defined ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) is an enzyme made up of 354 aminic acids with a entire molecular weight of 43 kDa ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Mackness et Al, 1996 ) . PON1, which is associated with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , catalyses the dislocation of phospholipid and cholesteryl-ester lipid peroxides in both low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and HDL, therefore doing it an of import hazard factor of artherosclerosis ( Mackness et al, 2004 ) . However, it was the ability of PON1 to protect the nervous system against organophosphate neurotoxicity that was foremost discovered ( Durrington et al, 2001 ) . The human PON1 cryptography sequence, located on the long arm of the human chromosome 7 ( q21.22 ) has two common polymorphism sites ; a Met ( M ) / Leu ( L ) permutation site at place 55 and a Gln ( Q ) / Arg ( R ) site at place 192, with the latter being more of import with respects to PON1 activity and affinity to certain substrates ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Aviram, 2004 ) . Hence, the finding of the PON1 position of an person must non merely take into history the polymorphism nowadays but besides the degree of PON1 activity in that person in order to find the plasma PON1192 alloform responsible for the activity nowadays. This can be done utilizing a two-substrate enzymic check affecting two PON1 substrates ( normally paraoxon and diazoxon ) . Abnormalities between PON1 functional position and genotyping at place 192 can therefore bespeak mutant at other points in the PON1 cistron ( Richter et al, 2004 ) . As there are many factors which modulates the PON1 activity such as physiological factors ( eg. exercising ) , pathological factors ( eg. viral/bacterial infection, redness, diabetes ) , diet, alcohol ingestion and certain drugs ( eg. lipid-lowering lipid-lowering medicines ) , therefore is it of import to see these factors when finding of PON1 activity ( Aviram, 2004 ) . PON1 has been shown to hold antioxidant belongingss against oxidative emphasis ( Senti et al, 2003 ) , while oxidative emphasis has been associated with KC ( Kenney et al, 2005 ) . Therefore, PON1 may demo a protective function in the development of KC.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYAlthough there have been studies of KC developing in babies and besides in persons every bit tardily as the age of 51 old ages, bulk of KC patients develop this status between the ages of 12 to 20 old ages ( Hall KCG, 1963 ) , which is around the oncoming of pubescence. It could be truly lay waste toing for one to develop such a status at that point in life, when 1 is still immature and motivated. In Malaysia, the prevalence of KC may look to be of less important with studies of approximately 4 in 1169 ( 0.3 % ) in a population of oculus patients in an urban country and besides 0.3 % among school-aged kids ( Reddy SC et Al, 2008 ; Goh PP et Al, 2005 ) . However, due to the hard nature of naming KC in its developmental phases, many instances frequently go undetected until after multiple ailments fr om the patient and thorough analysis of the patient ‘s vision sharp-sightedness trial consequences ( Benjamin WJ, 2006 ) . Therefore, the prevalence of KC in the general Malaysian population could be much higher than reported. As KC is reported as among the top five treatable causes of sightlessness and terrible ocular damage in kids in Malaysia ( Reddy SC, 2001 ) , therefore more attempt should be carried out to plan an effectual and accurate sensing assay utilizing the promotions of molecular medical specialty to supply early intervention to these persons before the status worsens. Therefore, this brings to the aims of this survey, which are as follow: To find PON1 activity in KC patients and to compare with non-KC controls. To find the position of PON1 in plasma samples of KC and non-KC patients. To place forecasters of KC from the accumulated informations by utilizing univariate and logistic arrested development analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparations prior to informations and sample aggregationIn order to obtain blood samples and informations from participants, a two-day information and sample aggregation event was organised. The event was held on the 22 – 23th May 2010 at Ophir Eye Clinic and Surgery. Prior to the event, readyings were made such as boxing a 21G acerate leaf, a disposable syringe, intoxicant swab, Elastoplast, a 6mL EDTA ( purple-top ) tubing, a 6mL Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubing and some sweet into a fictile bag for each participants.Data and sample aggregationEach participant was foremost given a brief account of the survey which they were traveling to take portion in and were asked to make full in an informed consent signifier before finishing the â€Å" Keratoconus in the Malayan Population: Pathophysiological and Familial Surveies † questionnaire signifier prepared by Shalini Arjunan, Prof Mary Anne, Dr Rozaida and Dr Jenny. Next, the participants ‘ spectacle powers were examined utilizing an auto-refractometer. Blood samples ( 5mL ) were so collected in the Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubings from the participants of the survey and stored at 4A °C if can non be processed instantly. Blood samples were processed within the twenty-four hours. After that, each participant was examined utilizing a keratometer and a Pentacam to obtain their K-readings and corneal topography severally. Then, each participant was required to undergo a ocular sharp-sightedness trial and a biomicroscopy trial utilizing Snellen ‘s chart and Haag-Streit Slit Lamp severally. Finally, each participant ‘s trial readings were reviewed by Dr. Jenny P. Deva, adviser Ophthalmologist and Refractive Surgeon at Tun Hussein Onn Eye Hospital and the diagnosing of each participant was confirmed.Preparation of plasma samplesAfter aggregation, the blood samples were centrifuged at 500 xg for 5 proceedingss at room temperature ( 25A °C ) to divide the plasma. Plasma ( top bed ) was so be carefully aliquoted in 500A µL batches into a few microcentrifuge tubings ( 1.5mL ) utilizing Pasteur pipettes depending on the sum of plasma available. All micro-centrifuge tubings were labelled and stored at -70A °C until activity measuring was carried out.Two-substrate enzyme analysisThis survey was carried out by finding the position of Paraoxonase 1 in the plasma samples of the participants based on the two-substrate enzyme analysis as described by Richter RJ et Al, 2004, with little alterations. The rate of hydrolysis of the two substrates, which were Paraoxon and Diazoxon were measured utilizing Lamda 25 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer running KINLAB version 2.85.00. After blending with the several substrates for a few seconds, the rate of paraoxon and diazoxon hydrolysis were monitored continuously for two proceedingss. The initial rates of each sample were so multiplied by the deliberate transition factor, which was 5611 and 67000 to acquire paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity severally in U/L unit.Activity analysis utilizing SPSSThe paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities of each sample together with other informations from the questionnaire done by Shalini Arjunan and genotype informations done by Yvonne Yong were so pooled together into SPSS version 17.0 for farther analysis. Trials which were carried out include age and sex demographic distribution, independent t-test, Pearson ‘s Correlation, spread secret plan, Kruskal-Wallis trial, one-way ANOVA, etc.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFor this survey, a population of 66 participants were successfully identified, consisting of 9 keratoconus patients ( 13.6 % ) , 2 forme fruste keratoconus patients ( 3.0 % ) , 9 high myopic patients ( 13.6 % ) , 11 moderate myopic patients ( 16.7 % ) and 35 normal controls ( 53.0 % ) . This population, dwelling of 2 7 Malays ( 40.9 % ) , 9 Chinese ( 13.6 % ) and 30 Indians ( 45.5 % ) had an age scope of 7 to 68 old ages old. There were somewhat more males than females in this population, that is 35 ( 53 % ) to 31 ( 47 % ) participants. There were undistinguished difference of ages among both genders and besides the cultural groups. Exploratory informations analysis on this sample population revealed that the distribution of the paraoxonase activity and age of the participants were non distributed usually, giving a p-value of 0.019 and 0.025 severally when utilizing the Shapiro-Wilk trial. Merely diazoxonase activity gave a undistinguished p-value ( 0.446 ) , therefore bespeaking a normal distribution. It was of import to transport out such trials foremost to find whether a parametric or nonparametric trial should be used for analysis. The activity of Paraoxonase 1 was successfully determined by mensurating the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon and diazoxon substrate, harmonizing to the method used in Richter RJ et Al ( 2004 ) , with some minor accommodations. With these informations, the phenotype of each participant was successfully identified by plotting a spread graph of diazoxonase activity against paraoxonase activity, to distinguish the persons with functionally homozygous for PON1192Q, heterozygotes for PON1Q/R192Q/R and homozygous for PON1192R. These phenotype information was subsequently confirmed with informations from my co-worker, Yvonne who carried out Paraoxonase 1 genotyping for polymorphism 192QR by limitation enzyme digestion. Both informations from Paraoxonase 1 activity finding and Paraoxonase 1 genotyping were found to be coincident and accurate. When these participants were divided harmonizing to familial relation to the KC patients, 18 were first degree relations to the KC patients, 3 were 2nd degree relations and 20 had no blood dealingss to the patients, while 16 were omitted as they did non suit the standards for normal healthy controls. Based on such classs, it was found that KC patients and relations may hold a important difference in paraoxonase activity when groups together against the normal controls with a p-value of 0.057. However, this value is non important plenty to reason a possible correlativity and may necessitate more KC to make a important degree. This was non the instance for diazoxonase activity when compared in similar mode, where the activity in KC patients and comparative were non significantly different from that of normal controls. The most important consequences of this survey nevertheless, were obtained when KC patients, including forme fruste KC patients were compared against the other participants, labelled non-KC. When categorised as such, the paraoxonase activity of KC patients were significantly difference than that of the non-KC participants ( p-value = 0.022 ) . This indicates that paraoxonase activity may hold a function in the development of KC patients. However, different cultural groups besides showed important difference in paraoxonase activity when tested, viz. between Malays and Indians and this may lend as an implicit in factor since many of the KC patients where Indians. Hence, comparing surveies between KC/non-KC position and cultural groups must be carried out to find any relation between the two variables.DecisionThe paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity of each participant were successfully and accurately measured. Based on genotype informations from my co-worker Yvonne, the phenotype infor mations obtained from the diazoxonase – paraoxonase spread secret plan was rather dependable. There were important happening which relates paraoxonase activities with KC/non-KC position, but it may be due to an underlying factor such as cultural group. Further statistical analysis and re-definition will be required to obtain more important informations.